Phylogeny and classification of the phengarismaculinea. Materials and methods samples maculinea nausithous samples originated from 2 regions. Its status is vulnerable according to the red book of invertebrates of spain munguira et al. Influence of mowing on the persistence of two endangered large. From metapopulation theory to conservation recommendations. Orseg region transdanubia in westernhungaryandtransylvanianbasin,romaniaclosetoclujnapoca. Pdf new information on the biology of maculinea nausithous and. The ecology of myrmica free living myrmicaspecies in western europe, which could potentially act as hosts to. The dusky large blue phengaris nausithous is a species of butterfly in the family lycaenidae. One or two small areas of northwest spain with the main distribution from central eastern france, switzerland, germany absent from the north and eastwards. The prevalence and the pattern of the infestation highly differ among maculinea species.
Here, we present field and laboratory data on polymorphic larval growth in two other predatory species of maculinea. No experimental evidence for host ant related oviposition in a parasitic. The species was first defined in 1758 and first recorded in britain in 1795. Comparison of genetic population structure of the large blue. It is known that maculinea larvae are picked up and carried to nests by. Development of parasitic maculinea teleius lepidoptera, lycaenidae larvae in laboratory nests of four myrmica ant host species. This species was found to be less closely related to most other supposed members of maculinea than the traditional phengaris species, and hence the two genera were merged to form a monophyletic group. New information on the biology of maculinea nausithous and m. The behaviour and habitat requirements of maculinea. An maculinea in nahilalakip ha familia nga lycaenidae. Maculinea alcon and maculinea arion are infected in 100 %, each of these species with a single strain, but the infection level of maculinea nausithous and maculinea teleius is much lower. Myrmica host ants limit the density of the large blue maculinea nausithous 1718 3.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Given that the selection of the appropriate degrees of free dom is not a. Lycaenidae and their amplification in other maculinea species. The dusky large blue maculinea nausithous kijevensis. According to homer, nausithous led a migration of phaeacians from hypereia to the island of scheria in order to escape the lawless. Pdf butterflies of the genus maculinea are highly endangered in europe.
Pdf lessons from the reintroduction of maculinea teleius. Trophic interactions and population structure of the large blue maculinea nausithous and its specialist. During a study of a small, relatively isolated population of glaucopsyche maculinea nausithous bergstrasser, 1779, nearly every new adult entering the population was individually marked in. The clade, including all species of maculinea and phengaris, is very. We, therefore, consider it important to analyse these two types of variation in parallel. Lessons from the reintroduction of maculinea teleius and m. Both oviposit on the flowerheads of sanguisorba officinalis, but spend most of their immature lives inside myrmica spp. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue.
Myrmekofilne motyle maculinea teleius i maculinea nausithous, ich gospodarze i roslina zywicielska. Development of parasitic maculinea teleius lepidoptera. The evolutionary history of this butterfly section is particularly important to understand the evolution of. Berger, designated it as a separate species in 1946.
Inside the ant nests, maculinea last instars spend 11 or 23 twoyear developer months increasing their body. Maculinea nausithous bergstrasser, 1779 was recently discovered in two parts of the tran sylvanian basin. Pdf the biology and ecology of the large blue butterfly. Geographical variation in hostant specificity of the. These results point to the existence of larvae that develop in 1 or 2 years. Very few colonies of these butterflies survive, and leading conservation bodies have called for urgent research into their habitat requirements. The main discovery was that each maculinea species depends on a single, and different, host species of myrmica.
In 1979 the species became extinct in britain but has been successfully reintroduced with new conservation methods. New facts on the life history of the dusky large blue maculinea nausithous lepidoptera. Dusky large blue butterfly maculinea nausithous resting on a great burnet sanguisorba officinalis, wenger moor, salzburg, austria, europe. Body mass distributions of prepupation larvae were bimodal in both species. Pdf population ecology of the endangered butterflies maculinea.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Although it was initially classified as a subspecies of p. The species is in parasitic relations with ants myrmica rubra, that is why the second and third instar larvae are moving. Summary 1 mowing influences two endangered butterfly species, maculinea nausithous and maculinea teleius, directly through egg. Pdf reintroduction of maculinea teleius and maculinea. External characters of these populations completely. Phengaris rebeli formerly maculinea rebeli, common name mountain alcon blue, is a species of butterfly in the family lycaenidae.
Butterflies of the genus maculinea are highly endangered in europe. Pdf fourth instar larvae of the two obligately antassociated lycaenid species macuinea nausithous and m teleius are. The species is distributed at northwest spain and from central eastern france, switzerland, germany and eastwards up to russia, kazakhstan, and caucasus. It is found in armenia, austria, azerbaijan, belarus, bulgaria, czech republic, france, georgia, germany, hungary, kazakhstan, moldova, montenegro, the netherlands, poland, romania, russia, slovenia, spain, switzerland, and ukraine the life cycle of this species is strongly related to the. It was first found and described in styria, austria, on mount hochschwab around 1700. Microsatellite markers for the large blue butterflies maculinea nausithous and maculinea alcon lepidoptera.
Phengaris maculinea teleius butterflies select host. Lacks any submarginal markings on the underside hindwing. The case of maculinea nausithous in the iberian peninsula. In 1979 the species became extinct in britain but has been successfully reintroduced with new. As a rule, the decline of maculinea popu lations is due to changes in the way agriculture is practiced. Trophic interactions and population structure of the large. Ecological studies have been made of all 5 european species of maculinea. Phengaris is currently defined to include the genus maculinea. Comparison of genetic population structure of the large. Controversial patterns of wolbachia infestation in the.
Lessons from spatial occurrence and abundance patterns of. Maculinea arion linnaeus, 1758 the large blue phengaris arion is a species of butterfly in the family lycaenidae. Media in category phengaris nausithous the following 36 files are in this category, out of 36 total. Lycaenidae based on morphological and ecological characters.
Maculinea nausithous is the most endangered butterfly species in the iberian peninsula. Despite much research on the socially parasitic large blue butterflies genus maculinea in the past 40 years, their relationship to their closest relatives, phengaris, is controversial and the relationships among the remaining genera in the glaucopsyche section are largely unresolved. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing. Pdf on the ethology and ecology of a small and isolated. Female lays eggs in the flowers of sanguisorba officinalis. The proportion of variable allozyme loci, average heterozygosity and genetic differentiation among. Maculinea butterflies are social parasites of myrmica ants. The occurrence of maculinea butterflies in small, patchy populations, which are naturally vulnerable to extinction 53, together with changes in land use over the last century, have led to rapid declines of many populations and.
Thomasthe behaviour and habitat requirements of maculinea nausithous the dusky large blue and m. He was the son of the god poseidon and periboia, the daughter of the giant king eurymedon. Abstract total evidence analysis, based on a combination of morphological and ecological characters with two mitochondrial sequences cytochrome c oxidase subunits i and ii and one nuclear elongation factor. Maculinea alcon and maculinea arion are infected in 100 %, each of these species with a single strain, but the infection level of maculinea nausithous and maculinea teleiusismuchlower,additionally,theyareinfect. Maculinea nausithous exploits myrmica scabrinodis in. Maculinea alcon uses three different species of myrmica host ants along a northsouth gradient in europe. New information on the biology of maculinea nausithous and maculinea teleius lepidoptera. Nausithous, the king of the phaeacians in the generation before odysseus washed ashore on their home island of scherie.
The type species of the latter was the alcon blue m. Population ecology of the endangered butterflies maculinea. Distribution and biological peculiarities in armenia. In europe, both species occur in highly fragmented populations and are vulnerable to local extinction. Wolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two. This page was last edited on 24 november 2014, at 02. Lycaenidae and their amplification in other maculinea. Details of a reintroduction of maculinea teleius scarce large blue butterfly and maculinea nausithous dusky large blue butterfly into a nature reserve in the netherlands are given. Polymorphic growth in larvae of maculinea butterflies, as. We present the findings of a 2year research study on sympatric populations of two endangered butterflies.
The recent distribution of the european maculinea species article pdf available in journal of insect conservation 21. The microbiome of the maculinea myrmica hostparasite. No other species are similar, even amongst the other large blues, maculinea. A phylogenetic revision of the glaucopsyche section.
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